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it's a difficult subject

  • 1 Usury is defined as the act of lending money at an unreasonably high interest rate, this rate is defined at the state level. Repayment of loans at a usurious rate makes repayment excessively difficult to impossible for borrowers. This is a

    General subject: usury law

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Usury is defined as the act of lending money at an unreasonably high interest rate, this rate is defined at the state level. Repayment of loans at a usurious rate makes repayment excessively difficult to impossible for borrowers. This is a

  • 2 смотреть на вещи с лучшей стороны, быть оптимистом (I'm an optimist - I see the glass as half full and think we'll come through this difficult time OK)

    General subject: see the glass (as) half full

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > смотреть на вещи с лучшей стороны, быть оптимистом (I'm an optimist - I see the glass as half full and think we'll come through this difficult time OK)

  • 3 McNeill, Sir James McFadyen

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 19 August 1892 Clydebank, Scotland
    d. 24 July 1964 near Glasgow, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish naval architect, designer of the Cunard North Atlantic Liners Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth.
    [br]
    McNeill was born in Clydebank just outside Glasgow, and was to serve that town for most of his life. After education at Clydebank High School and then at Allan Glen's in Glasgow, in 1908 he entered the shipyard of John Brown \& Co. Ltd as an apprentice. He was encouraged to matriculate at the University of Glasgow, where he studied naval architecture under the (then) unique Glasgow system of "sandwich" training, alternately spending six months in the shipyard, followed by winter at the Faculty of Engineering. On graduating in 1915, he joined the Army and by 1918 had risen to the rank of Major in the Royal Field Artillery.
    After the First World War, McNeill returned to the shipyard and in 1928 was appointed Chief Naval Architect. In 1934 he was made a local director of the company. During the difficult period of the 1930s he was in charge of the technical work which led to the design, launching and successful completion of the great liners Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth. Some of the most remarkable ships of the mid-twentieth century were to come from this shipyard, including the last British battleship, HMS Vanguard, and the Royal Yacht Britannia, completed in 1954. From 1948 until 1959, Sir James was Managing Director of the Clydebank part of the company and was Deputy Chairman by the time he retired in 1962. His public service was remarkable and included chairmanship of the Shipbuilding Conference and of the British Ship Research Association, and membership of the Committee of Lloyd's Register of Shipping.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order 1954. CBE 1950. FRS 1948. President, Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland 1947–9. Honorary Vice-President, Royal Institution of Naval Architects. Military Cross (First World War).
    Bibliography
    1935, "Launch of the quadruple-screw turbine steamer Queen Mary", Transactions of the Institution of Naval Architects 77:1–27 (in this classic paper McNeill displays complete mastery of a difficult subject; it is recorded that prior to launch the estimate for travel of the ship in the River Clyde was 1,194 ft (363.9 m), and the actual amount recorded was 1,196 ft (364.5m)!).
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > McNeill, Sir James McFadyen

  • 4 difícil

    adj.
    difficult, tough, arduous, cumbersome.
    Un trabajo difícil [duro] A stiff job.
    * * *
    1 difficult, hard
    2 (improbable) unlikely
    ■ es difícil que nos encontremos allí it's unlikely that we'll meet there, we're unlikely to meet there
    * * *
    adj.
    difficult, hard
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=complicado) [problema] difficult; [tiempos, vida] difficult, hard; [situación] difficult, delicate

    me resulta muy difícil decidir — I find it very hard to decide, I have great difficulty in deciding

    2) [persona] difficult
    3) * [cara] ugly
    * * *
    1)
    a) [ser] <problema/situación> difficult; < examen> hard, difficult

    me fue muy difícil decírselo — it was very hard o difficult for me to tell him

    resulta difícil evaluar las pérdidas — it is difficult o hard to put a figure on the losses

    difícil de + inf — difficult o hard to + inf

    b) [estar] (fam)
    2) [ser] ( poco probable) unlikely

    es posible pero lo veo difícil — it's possible, but I don't think it's very likely

    3) [ser] <persona/carácter> difficult
    * * *
    = arduous, demanding, difficult, intractable, laborious, painful, taxing, tough [tougher -comp., toughest -sup.], thorny [thornier -comp., thorniest -sup.], delicate, tortuous, hardscrabble, obstinate, bumpy, dicey [dicier -comp., diciest -sup.], uphill, problematic, problematical, hard [harder -comp., hardest -sup.].
    Ex. Plays and music performances put on by staff and children require less arduous preparation than a full-length public performance.
    Ex. It is clear to me that they face a professional role that will be far more complicated and far more demanding that the one we have known.
    Ex. It's already difficult to find a lot of these things as it is, but it would be absolute irresponsibility to go to a title-main entry.
    Ex. Unfortunately, these factors simultaneously make the resolution of the situation more intractable.
    Ex. The next step was a rather painful, laborious manual effort.
    Ex. The next step was a rather painful, laborious manual effort.
    Ex. It is difficult to remember the special interests of more than a few people, and hence rather taxing to provide SDI manually to more than a handful of users.
    Ex. As educators, then, we need to ask ourselves some very tough questions -- some to which we would rather not hear the answers.
    Ex. The article 'The comfortable pew is a thorny throne' reviews the technological, political, philosophical, professional and educational issues associated with filtering access to information.
    Ex. Despite the incompetence of most eighteenth-century block-makers, woodcuts never quite disappeared, and they returned to favour in the delicate form called 'wood-engraving' at the end of the hand-press period.
    Ex. The promulgation of Community law represents the culmination of an often tortuous legal process whose main features are laid down in the Treaty of Rome.
    Ex. And so, from its hardscrabble beginnings to immediate time, Wexler has lead a varied existence, changing from shipping point for fruit to resting place for travelers = Y por lo tanto, desde sus comienzos difíciles hasta el presente, Wexler ha llevado una vida variada, pasando de ser un centro de recepción y envío de fruta a un lugar de descanso para los viajeros.
    Ex. It is not wise, by the way, to approach the author by telephone for this puts him on the spot and he may refuse simply in self-defense and especially if you happen to butt in when he is struggling with an obstinate chapter in a new book.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'The big bumpy shift: digital music via the Internet'.
    Ex. Predicting the future is dicey.
    Ex. Promoters of this tax will have an uphill fight and the cultural objections will be very great.
    Ex. This attitude is based on the waste bin decision process widely used in political and educational organisations, which tend to have open-ended goals, problematic preferences, hazy technology, and poor feeback.
    Ex. The manufacture of these high-density chips is problematical.
    Ex. The amount of stuffing in the balls was varied to suit the nature of the work; large, soft balls with weak ink were used for low-grade work; small, hard balls and strong ink for work of better quality.
    ----
    * ahorrar para cuando lleguen tiempos difíciles = save for + a rainy day.
    * algo muy difícil = a tough sell.
    * aprender de la forma más difícil = learn + the hard way.
    * aunque parezca difícil = difficult though it may seem, difficult as it may seem.
    * cuestión difícil = poser.
    * de difícil solución = intractable.
    * de la forma más difícil = the hard way.
    * difícil de aceptar = hard to swallow.
    * difícil de agradar = choosy [choosey] [choosier -comp., choosiest -sup.].
    * difícil de complacer = choosy [choosey] [choosier -comp., choosiest -sup.].
    * difícil de comprender = difficult to understand.
    * difícil de conseguir = hard to come by, difficult to come by.
    * difícil de contentar = choosy [choosey] [choosier -comp., choosiest -sup.].
    * difícil de descifrar = cryptic.
    * difícil de distinguir = indistinguishable.
    * difícil de encontrar = hard-to-find.
    * difícil de entender = cryptic.
    * difícil de gestionar = unmanageable.
    * difícil de gestionar + Adjetivo = unmanageably + Adjetivo.
    * difícil de hacer = hard to do.
    * difícil de localizar = irretraceable.
    * difícil de manejar = clumsy [clumsier -comp., clumsiest -sup.], unwieldy.
    * difícil de masticar = chewy [chewier -comp., chewiest -sup.].
    * difícil de obtener = hard to come by, difficult to come by.
    * difícil de seguir = heavy going.
    * difícil de sustituir = hard to replace.
    * difícil de tratar = unruly.
    * empezar por lo más difícil = plunge in at + the deep end.
    * en circunstancias difíciles = under difficult circumstances.
    * en condiciones difíciles = under difficult conditions.
    * encontrar Algo demasiado difícil = be out of + Posesivo + league.
    * encontrar Algo difícil = have + a hard time, have + a tough time.
    * encontrar difícil de explicar = be hard put to explain.
    * encontrar difícil + Infinitivo = find it hard to + Infinitivo.
    * encontrar muy difícil = be hard-pushed to.
    * en épocas difíciles = in times of need.
    * enfrascado en lo más difícil = in at the deep end.
    * enfrascar a Alguien de lleno en lo más difícil = throw in + at the deep end.
    * enfrascarse en lo más difícil = swim in + the deep end, jump in at + the deep end, plunge in at + the deep end.
    * en tiempos difíciles = in times of need.
    * hacer difícil = make + it + difficult, make + difficult.
    * hacerlo difícil de + Infinitivo = make + it + hard to + Infinitivo.
    * mecanismo de reducción de situaciones difíciles = threat-reduction mechanism.
    * meter a Alguien de lleno en lo más difícil = throw in + at the deep end.
    * meterse de lleno en lo más difícil = plunge in at + the deep end.
    * meterse de lleno en lo más difícil = swim in + the deep end, jump in at + the deep end.
    * metido en lo más difícil = in at the deep end.
    * muy difícil de traducir = defy + translation.
    * por muy difícil que parezca = difficult though it may seem, difficult as it may seem.
    * pregunta difícil = poser.
    * pregunta difícil de responder = awkward-to-handle enquiry.
    * problema difícil = poser.
    * problema difícil de resolver = tough nut to crack, hard nut to crack, brain tickler.
    * resultar difícil de conseguir = prove + elusive.
    * ser Algo demasiado difícil para = be in over + Posesivo + head, be out of + Posesivo + depth.
    * ser difícil = be a stretch.
    * ser difícil de bregar = be a (real) handful.
    * ser difícil de conseguir = be hard to get.
    * ser difícil de creer = beggar + belief.
    * ser difícil de encontrar = be hard to find.
    * ser difícil de lograr = be hard to get.
    * ser difícil de superar = take + some beating.
    * ser muy difícil = be hard-pushed to.
    * situación difícil = hardship.
    * tarea difícil = hard task.
    * tarea muy difícil = uphill struggle.
    * tenerlo difícil = not be easy.
    * tiempos difíciles = embattled time(s).
    * * *
    1)
    a) [ser] <problema/situación> difficult; < examen> hard, difficult

    me fue muy difícil decírselo — it was very hard o difficult for me to tell him

    resulta difícil evaluar las pérdidas — it is difficult o hard to put a figure on the losses

    difícil de + inf — difficult o hard to + inf

    b) [estar] (fam)
    2) [ser] ( poco probable) unlikely

    es posible pero lo veo difícil — it's possible, but I don't think it's very likely

    3) [ser] <persona/carácter> difficult
    * * *
    = arduous, demanding, difficult, intractable, laborious, painful, taxing, tough [tougher -comp., toughest -sup.], thorny [thornier -comp., thorniest -sup.], delicate, tortuous, hardscrabble, obstinate, bumpy, dicey [dicier -comp., diciest -sup.], uphill, problematic, problematical, hard [harder -comp., hardest -sup.].

    Ex: Plays and music performances put on by staff and children require less arduous preparation than a full-length public performance.

    Ex: It is clear to me that they face a professional role that will be far more complicated and far more demanding that the one we have known.
    Ex: It's already difficult to find a lot of these things as it is, but it would be absolute irresponsibility to go to a title-main entry.
    Ex: Unfortunately, these factors simultaneously make the resolution of the situation more intractable.
    Ex: The next step was a rather painful, laborious manual effort.
    Ex: The next step was a rather painful, laborious manual effort.
    Ex: It is difficult to remember the special interests of more than a few people, and hence rather taxing to provide SDI manually to more than a handful of users.
    Ex: As educators, then, we need to ask ourselves some very tough questions -- some to which we would rather not hear the answers.
    Ex: The article 'The comfortable pew is a thorny throne' reviews the technological, political, philosophical, professional and educational issues associated with filtering access to information.
    Ex: Despite the incompetence of most eighteenth-century block-makers, woodcuts never quite disappeared, and they returned to favour in the delicate form called 'wood-engraving' at the end of the hand-press period.
    Ex: The promulgation of Community law represents the culmination of an often tortuous legal process whose main features are laid down in the Treaty of Rome.
    Ex: And so, from its hardscrabble beginnings to immediate time, Wexler has lead a varied existence, changing from shipping point for fruit to resting place for travelers = Y por lo tanto, desde sus comienzos difíciles hasta el presente, Wexler ha llevado una vida variada, pasando de ser un centro de recepción y envío de fruta a un lugar de descanso para los viajeros.
    Ex: It is not wise, by the way, to approach the author by telephone for this puts him on the spot and he may refuse simply in self-defense and especially if you happen to butt in when he is struggling with an obstinate chapter in a new book.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'The big bumpy shift: digital music via the Internet'.
    Ex: Predicting the future is dicey.
    Ex: Promoters of this tax will have an uphill fight and the cultural objections will be very great.
    Ex: This attitude is based on the waste bin decision process widely used in political and educational organisations, which tend to have open-ended goals, problematic preferences, hazy technology, and poor feeback.
    Ex: The manufacture of these high-density chips is problematical.
    Ex: The amount of stuffing in the balls was varied to suit the nature of the work; large, soft balls with weak ink were used for low-grade work; small, hard balls and strong ink for work of better quality.
    * ahorrar para cuando lleguen tiempos difíciles = save for + a rainy day.
    * algo muy difícil = a tough sell.
    * aprender de la forma más difícil = learn + the hard way.
    * aunque parezca difícil = difficult though it may seem, difficult as it may seem.
    * cuestión difícil = poser.
    * de difícil solución = intractable.
    * de la forma más difícil = the hard way.
    * difícil de aceptar = hard to swallow.
    * difícil de agradar = choosy [choosey] [choosier -comp., choosiest -sup.].
    * difícil de complacer = choosy [choosey] [choosier -comp., choosiest -sup.].
    * difícil de comprender = difficult to understand.
    * difícil de conseguir = hard to come by, difficult to come by.
    * difícil de contentar = choosy [choosey] [choosier -comp., choosiest -sup.].
    * difícil de descifrar = cryptic.
    * difícil de distinguir = indistinguishable.
    * difícil de encontrar = hard-to-find.
    * difícil de entender = cryptic.
    * difícil de gestionar = unmanageable.
    * difícil de gestionar + Adjetivo = unmanageably + Adjetivo.
    * difícil de hacer = hard to do.
    * difícil de localizar = irretraceable.
    * difícil de manejar = clumsy [clumsier -comp., clumsiest -sup.], unwieldy.
    * difícil de masticar = chewy [chewier -comp., chewiest -sup.].
    * difícil de obtener = hard to come by, difficult to come by.
    * difícil de seguir = heavy going.
    * difícil de sustituir = hard to replace.
    * difícil de tratar = unruly.
    * empezar por lo más difícil = plunge in at + the deep end.
    * en circunstancias difíciles = under difficult circumstances.
    * en condiciones difíciles = under difficult conditions.
    * encontrar Algo demasiado difícil = be out of + Posesivo + league.
    * encontrar Algo difícil = have + a hard time, have + a tough time.
    * encontrar difícil de explicar = be hard put to explain.
    * encontrar difícil + Infinitivo = find it hard to + Infinitivo.
    * encontrar muy difícil = be hard-pushed to.
    * en épocas difíciles = in times of need.
    * enfrascado en lo más difícil = in at the deep end.
    * enfrascar a Alguien de lleno en lo más difícil = throw in + at the deep end.
    * enfrascarse en lo más difícil = swim in + the deep end, jump in at + the deep end, plunge in at + the deep end.
    * en tiempos difíciles = in times of need.
    * hacer difícil = make + it + difficult, make + difficult.
    * hacerlo difícil de + Infinitivo = make + it + hard to + Infinitivo.
    * mecanismo de reducción de situaciones difíciles = threat-reduction mechanism.
    * meter a Alguien de lleno en lo más difícil = throw in + at the deep end.
    * meterse de lleno en lo más difícil = plunge in at + the deep end.
    * meterse de lleno en lo más difícil = swim in + the deep end, jump in at + the deep end.
    * metido en lo más difícil = in at the deep end.
    * muy difícil de traducir = defy + translation.
    * por muy difícil que parezca = difficult though it may seem, difficult as it may seem.
    * pregunta difícil = poser.
    * pregunta difícil de responder = awkward-to-handle enquiry.
    * problema difícil = poser.
    * problema difícil de resolver = tough nut to crack, hard nut to crack, brain tickler.
    * resultar difícil de conseguir = prove + elusive.
    * ser Algo demasiado difícil para = be in over + Posesivo + head, be out of + Posesivo + depth.
    * ser difícil = be a stretch.
    * ser difícil de bregar = be a (real) handful.
    * ser difícil de conseguir = be hard to get.
    * ser difícil de creer = beggar + belief.
    * ser difícil de encontrar = be hard to find.
    * ser difícil de lograr = be hard to get.
    * ser difícil de superar = take + some beating.
    * ser muy difícil = be hard-pushed to.
    * situación difícil = hardship.
    * tarea difícil = hard task.
    * tarea muy difícil = uphill struggle.
    * tenerlo difícil = not be easy.
    * tiempos difíciles = embattled time(s).

    * * *
    A
    1 [ SER] ‹problema/tema/situación› difficult
    el examen fue muy difícil the exam was very hard o difficult
    es un problema difícil it's a tricky o difficult problem
    corren tiempos difíciles para nuestra economía this is a difficult time for our economy
    con tu actitud me lo estás poniendo más difícil you're not making it any easier for me o you're making it harder for me by being like that
    no creo que gane, lo tiene muy difícil I don't think she'll win, she's in a difficult position
    me fue muy difícil decírselo it was very hard o difficult for me to tell him
    resulta difícil evaluar las pérdidas it is difficult o hard to put a figure on the losses
    cada vez se hace más difícil encontrar un buen empleo it is becoming more and more difficult o it's becoming harder and harder to get a good job
    difícil DE + INF difficult o hard to + INF
    mi madre es muy difícil de complacer my mother is very hard o difficult to please
    2 [ ESTAR] ( fam):
    está la cosa difícil things are pretty difficult o tricky ( colloq)
    B [ SER]
    (poco probable): es posible pero lo veo difícil it's possible, but I think it's unlikely o I don't think it's very likely
    difícil QUE + SUBJ:
    va a ser muy difícil que acepte it's very unlikely that he'll accept
    veo difícil que gane I doubt if she'll win, I think it's unlikely that she'll win
    C [ SER] ‹persona/carácter› difficult
    un niño difícil a difficult child
    * * *

     

    difícil adjetivo
    1
    a) ‹problema/situación› difficult;

    ‹ examen› hard, difficult;
    ◊ me fue muy difícil decírselo it was very hard o difficult for me to tell him;

    es difícil de hacer/entender it's difficult o hard to do/understand
    b) ‹persona/carácter› difficult

    2 ( poco probable) unlikely;

    veo difícil que gane I doubt if she'll win
    difícil adjetivo
    1 (que cuesta trabajo o esfuerzo intelectual) difficult, hard
    difícil de explicar, difficult to explain
    difícil de soportar, hard to bear
    2 (improbable) unlikely: es difícil que suceda, it is unlikely that that will happen
    3 (una persona) difficult
    ' difícil' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    amarre
    - cañón
    - compaginación
    - concienciarse
    - delicada
    - delicado
    - despreocuparse
    - disyuntiva
    - engorrosa
    - engorroso
    - escabrosa
    - escabroso
    - escala
    - espinosa
    - espinoso
    - estrechamiento
    - gustar
    - harta
    - harto
    - hueso
    - impronunciable
    - insensible
    - judicatura
    - lance
    - mas
    - onerosa
    - oneroso
    - papelón
    - respirar
    - sí
    - tocha
    - tocho
    - viabilidad
    - arrecho
    - caprichoso
    - contentar
    - costar
    - creer
    - duro
    - epopeya
    - especial
    - esperar
    - esquivo
    - fregado
    - hacer
    - ingrato
    - jodido
    - malabarismo
    - mancha
    - manchar
    English:
    arduous
    - around
    - awkward
    - beating
    - choose
    - climb
    - concentrate
    - cumbersome
    - desperately
    - difficult
    - distance
    - dodgy
    - elusive
    - embark
    - folly
    - for
    - gap
    - grammar
    - hard
    - hard-won
    - housekeeper
    - immensely
    - injustice
    - lean
    - mess
    - problematic
    - problematical
    - realize
    - replacement
    - ruggedness
    - scramble
    - shake off
    - situation
    - so
    - sticky
    - stiff
    - surely
    - think ahead
    - to
    - tough
    - tricky
    - trying
    - agonizing
    - deep
    - demanding
    - going
    - increasingly
    - keep
    - likely
    - plight
    * * *
    1. [complicado] difficult;
    va a ser difícil encontrar un sitio abierto a estas horas it's going to be difficult o hard to find anywhere that's open at this time;
    son tiempos difíciles these are difficult times;
    pasaron por una situación difícil they went through a difficult period;
    no es difícil imaginar lo que pasó it's not difficult o hard to imagine what happened;
    es una pregunta difícil de responder it's a difficult question to answer;
    hacerse difícil: se hace difícil entender por qué lo hizo it's difficult to understand why she did it;
    se me hace difícil acostumbrarme a madrugar I can't get used to getting up early;
    ponérselo difícil a alguien to make things difficult for sb;
    no me lo pongas difícil don't make things difficult o hard for me;
    serle difícil a alguien: le va a ser muy difícil encontrar trabajo it's going to be very difficult for him to find a job, he's going to find it very difficult to get a job;
    tener difícil algo: tiene muy difícil encontrar trabajo it's very difficult o hard for him to find work
    2. [improbable] unlikely;
    puede ser, aunque me parece difícil maybe, but I think it's unlikely;
    es difícil que ganen they're unlikely to win;
    no es difícil que ocurra it could easily happen
    3. [rebelde] difficult, awkward;
    es un niño muy difícil he's a very awkward o difficult child;
    tener un carácter difícil to be an awkward person, to be difficult to get on with
    * * *
    adj
    1 difficult;
    ponerlo difícil a alguien make it difficult for s.o.;
    difícil de decir hard o difficult to say
    :
    es difícil que venga he’s unlikely to come, it’s unlikely that he’ll come
    * * *
    : difficult, hard
    * * *
    1. (en general) difficult
    2. (improbable) unlikely [comp. unlikelier; superl. unlikeliest]

    Spanish-English dictionary > difícil

  • 5 materia

    f matter
    ( materiale) material
    ( disciplina) subject
    materia facoltativa optional subject
    materia obbligatoria compulsory subject
    materia prima raw material
    materia sintetica synthetic (material)
    * * *
    materia s.f.
    1 matter (anche fil.); substance; (materiale) material: materia infiammabile, inflammable material; materia plastica, plastic material; materie tessili, textile materials; materia inerte, inert matter // materie prime, raw materials; (prodotti base) staples (o primary products o basic commodities); (econ.) mercato delle materie prime, commodity market; tra di noi manca la materia prima per qualsiasi accordo, (fig.) we lack the basic elements for any kind of agreement; gli manca la materia prima per fare un lavoro del genere, (scherz.) (l'intelligenza) he hasn't the brains to do a job like this; gli manca la materia prima per condurre quel tipo di vita, (scherz.) (il denaro) he hasn't the wherewithal (o the necessary resources) to lead that kind of life // (chim.): materia colorante, dyestuff; materia organica, inorganica, organic, inorganic matter; materia gassosa, liquida, solida, volatile, gaseous, liquid, solid, volatile matter // (fis.) onde di materia, matter waves // (astr.) materia interstellare, interstellar medium (o matter)
    2 (med.) matter: materia grigia, bianca, grey, white matter
    3 (pus) matter, pus: la ferita era piena di materia, the wound was full of pus (o matter)
    4 (argomento) matter, subject; topic, theme: una materia controversa, a controversial matter; materia di riflessione, food for thought; indice delle materie, table of contents; catalogo per materie, subject catalogue; la materia del suo saggio non è molto interessante, the theme (o subject) of his essay is not very interesting; questa è la materia del mio libro, this is the subject matter of my book; entrare in materia, to broach a subject; tolleranza in materia di religione, toleration in religious matters; è molto versato in materia, he is well up in the subject; non so nulla in materia, I know nothing of the subject; sa tutto in materia di musica, he knows everything about music // (dir.): il tribunale si è dichiarato competente a pronunciarsi in materia, the Court has declared itself competent to pass judgement on the matter; in materia di legge, in point of law; la materia del contendere, the matter at issue; materia di diritto, matter of law; materia di fatto, matter of fact // (relig.) materia di fede, tenet
    5 (disciplina scolastica) subject: materie letterarie, scientifiche, literary, scientific subjects; materie obbligatorie, compulsory subjects; quali sono le tue materie preferite?, which are your favourite subjects?; quale materia preferisci a scuola?, which subject do you like best at school?; essere bocciato, promosso in tutte le materie, to fail, pass in all subjects // materia medica, (antiq.) materia medica
    6 (occasione, motivo) matter; reason, grounds (pl.): non ho materia per pensare che egli sia un ladro, I have no reason to believe that he is a thief; non mi ha dato mai materia di preoccupazione, he never gave me cause for worry; (dir.) vi è materia per un processo, there are grounds for litigation.
    * * *
    [ma'tɛrja]
    1. sf
    (gen) Filosofia, Fis matter, (Scol : argomento) subject matter, material, (disciplina) subject, (sostanza) Tecn, Comm material, substance

    prima di entrare in materia... — before discussing the matter in hand...

    un esperto in materia (di musica ecc) — an expert on the subject (of music ecc)

    2.
    * * *
    [ma'tɛrja]
    sostantivo femminile
    1) (sostanza) material, matter
    2) (argomento) subject, topic
    3) scol. (disciplina) subject

    materia obbligatoria, complementare — core, optional subject

    * * *
    materia
    /ma'tεrja/
    sostantivo f.
     1 (sostanza) material, matter; la materia e la forma matter and form; materia grigia grey matter; materia prima raw material; - e plastiche plastics
     2 (argomento) subject, topic; indice per -e subject index; esperto in materia expert on the subject; è un'autorità in materia di he's an authority on; sa tutto in materia di musica he knows everything about music; c'è materia per intentare un processo there are grounds for legal action
     3 scol. (disciplina) subject; materia obbligatoria, complementare core, optional subject.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > materia

  • 6 hueso

    m.
    1 bone.
    acabar o dar con sus huesos en (informal figurative) to end up in
    no poder con sus huesos (informal figurative) to be ready to drop, to be exhausted
    hueso de santo (cooking) = small marzipan roll filled with egg yolk
    2 stone (British), pit (United States) (of fruit).
    aceitunas sin hueso pitted olives
    3 very strict person (informal) (person).
    4 contacts, influence (informal) (enchufe). (Mexican Spanish)
    5 pit.
    6 safe government job.
    7 cushy job, soft job, prebend, sinecure.
    8 personal connection.
    * * *
    1 ANATOMÍA bone
    2 (de fruta) stone, US pit
    3 familiar figurado (cosa difícil) struggle, problem
    4 familiar figurado (persona desagradable) pain in the neck, jerk
    5 familiar figurado (profesor) strict teacher, stickler
    \
    dar con los huesos en el suelo to end up on the floor
    darle a la sin hueso to talk one's head off
    estar en los huesos figurado to be all skin and bone
    ser un hueso duro de roer figurado to be a hard nut to crack
    tener los huesos molidos to be exhausted, be dead beat
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) bone
    2) pit, stone
    * * *
    SM
    1) (Anat) bone

    dar con los huesos en —

    darle a la sin hueso — * to talk a lot

    irse de la sin hueso, soltar la sin hueso — * to shoot one's mouth off *

    hueso de santo — filled roll of marzipan

    2) (Bot) stone, pit (EEUU)
    3) CAm, Méx (=sinecura) government job, sinecure; (=puesto cómodo) soft job
    4) And mule
    5)

    hueso colorado — Méx strong northerly wind

    * * *
    1)
    a) (Anat) bone

    calado or empapado hasta los huesos — soaked to the skin, wet through

    dar con los or sus huesos en algo: fue a dar con sus huesos en la cárcel he finished up o ended up in jail; en los huesos — (fam) nothing but skin and bone(s) (colloq)

    b)

    (de) color hueso — off-white, bone-colored

    c) (Méx fam) ( puesto público) safe (government) job (colloq); ( sinecura) cushy job (colloq)
    2) ( de fruta) pit (AmE), stone (BrE)

    ser un hueso (duro de roer) — ( ser difícil) to be a hard o tough nut to crack

    * * *
    1)
    a) (Anat) bone

    calado or empapado hasta los huesos — soaked to the skin, wet through

    dar con los or sus huesos en algo: fue a dar con sus huesos en la cárcel he finished up o ended up in jail; en los huesos — (fam) nothing but skin and bone(s) (colloq)

    b)

    (de) color hueso — off-white, bone-colored

    c) (Méx fam) ( puesto público) safe (government) job (colloq); ( sinecura) cushy job (colloq)
    2) ( de fruta) pit (AmE), stone (BrE)

    ser un hueso (duro de roer) — ( ser difícil) to be a hard o tough nut to crack

    * * *
    hueso1
    1 = bone.

    Ex: The large stores of inscription on bones or tortoise shells of the Yin and Shang dynasties unearthed by paleontologists are the seeds of the earliest ancient Chinese archives.

    * blanco hueso = off-white.
    * calado hasta los huesos = drenched to the skin, soaked to the skin, wringing wet, soaking wet, wet through to the skin.
    * carne + desprenderse del hueso = meat + fall off + the bone.
    * color hueso = off-white.
    * con muchos huesos y poca carne = bony [bonier -comp., boniest -sup.].
    * cortar llegando al hueso = cut to + the bone.
    * de carne y hueso = flesh-and-blood.
    * empapado hasta los huesos = drenched to the skin, soaked to the skin, wringing wet, soaking wet, wet through to the skin.
    * en carne y hueso = in the flesh.
    * helado hasta la médula de los huesos = frozen to the bone, frozen to the marrow (of the bones), chilled to the bone, chilled to the marrow (of the bones).
    * hueso de la risa = funny bone.
    * hueso duro = tough nut.
    * hueso duro de roer = uphill struggle, tough nut to crack, hard nut to crack.
    * hueso metatarsiano = metatarsal.
    * hueso roto = broken bone.
    * hueso temporal = temporal bone.
    * lleno de huesos = bony [bonier -comp., boniest -sup.].
    * salud de los huesos = bone health.
    * ser un saco de huesos = be a bag of bones.
    * sin hueso = boneless.

    hueso2
    2 = pit, stone.

    Ex: On Crete the locals eat them by the handful and spit out the pits like watermelon seeds.

    Ex: Once you have removed the stones from fruits such as apricots and plums, you can turn the fruit halves inside out, then place them skin down on the tray.

    * * *
    A
    calado or empapado hasta los huesos soaked to the skin, wet through
    cuidar algo como hueso (de) santo ( Chi fam); to treat sth like gold dust ( colloq)
    dar con los or sus huesos en algo: fue a dar con sus huesos en la cárcel he finished up o ended up in jail
    dio con los huesos en el suelo he ended up o landed up o finished up on the floor
    dar or pinchar en hueso ( Esp fam): con éste hemos dado en hueso we've come up against a tricky o difficult customer here ( colloq)
    de hueso colorado ( Méx fam); through and through, to the core
    no poder algn con sus huesos ( fam); to be whacked-out ( colloq)
    en los huesos ( fam); nothing but skin and bone(s) ( colloq)
    está/se ha quedado en los huesos he's nothing but o he's all skin and bone(s)
    estar por los huesos de algn ( Esp fam); to be crazy about sb ( colloq)
    2
    (de) color hueso off-white, bone-colored
    3 ( Méx fam) (puesto público) safe (government) job ( colloq); (sinecura) cushy job ( colloq)
    Compuestos:
    ● hueso or huesito de la suerte
    wishbone
    B (de fruta) pit ( AmE), stone ( BrE)
    ser un hueso ( fam) (ser malo): el libro es un hueso it's an awful book ( colloq)
    ser un hueso (duro de roer) (ser difícil): su rival es un hueso (duro de roer) ( fam); his opponent is a tough o hard nut to crack ( colloq)
    el profesor de ciencias es un hueso ( fam); the science teacher is a real tough nut ( colloq)
    para mí la química es un hueso duro de roer chemistry is an uphill struggle for me
    * * *

     

    hueso sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) (Anat) bone;

    ◊ en los huesos (fam) nothing but skin and bone(s) (colloq)

    b)


    2 ( de fruta) pit (AmE), stone (BrE)
    hueso sustantivo masculino
    1 Anat bone
    2 (de una fruta) stone, US pit
    3 (persona difícil de complacer) hard nut
    4 fig (tarea trabajosa) hard work
    5 LAm (enchufe) contact
    ♦ Locuciones: estar en los huesos, to be all skin and bone
    Esp pinchar/dar en hueso, to come up against a tricky or difficult person: conmigo has pinchado en hueso en cuanto a la financiación de tu aventura, to get me to pay for your adventure will be tricky
    la sin hueso, the tongue
    ' hueso' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    caballete
    - caña
    - carne
    - carné
    - desencajar
    - desencajada
    - desencajado
    - desencajarse
    - desenterrar
    - frontal
    - médula
    - pepita
    - roer
    - romperse
    - rotura
    - soldarse
    - tuétano
    - zafarse
    - aceituna
    - astilla
    - astillarse
    - componer
    - fragmento
    - pelado
    - pómulo
    - quebradizo
    - quebrado
    - saliente
    English:
    ankle bone
    - bone
    - bony
    - break
    - crack
    - dislodge
    - flesh
    - for
    - life
    - live
    - mend
    - nut
    - off-white
    - pit
    - set
    - splinter
    - stone
    - off
    * * *
    hueso nm
    1. [del cuerpo] bone;
    Fam
    nos calamos hasta los huesos we got soaked to the skin;
    de color hueso ivory (coloured);
    Fam
    acabar o [m5] dar con sus huesos en to end up in;
    tropezó y dio con sus huesos en el suelo she tripped and tumbled to the ground;
    la descubrieron y acabó con sus huesos en la cárcel she was caught out and ended up in jail;
    Fam
    estar en los huesos to be all skin and bones;
    Fam
    no puedo con mis huesos I'm ready to drop, I'm exhausted;
    Fam
    ser un hueso duro de roer to be a hard nut to crack;
    Fam
    la sin hueso [la lengua] the tongue;
    soltar la sin hueso to shoot one's mouth off
    hueso del cráneo skull bone;
    hueso maxilar jawbone, Espec mandible;
    hueso de santo [pastel] = small roll of marzipan filled with sweetened egg yolk
    2. [de fruto] Br stone, US pit;
    aceitunas sin hueso pitted olives
    3. Fam [persona] very strict person;
    el profe de inglés es un hueso our English teacher is dead strict
    4. Fam [asignatura] difficult subject
    5.
    huesos [restos] bones;
    el cementerio en el que descansan sus huesos the cemetery where her bones were laid to rest
    6. Méx Fam [enchufe] contacts, influence;
    [trabajo fácil] cushy job
    * * *
    m
    1 ANAT bone;
    estar en los huesos be all skin and bone;
    moler/romper los huesos a alguien beat s.o. up;
    2 de fruta pit, stone; persona tough guy;
    hueso duro de roer fig fam hard nut to crack fam
    cushy number fam
    4 Méx fam ( influencia) influence, pull fam
    * * *
    hueso nm
    1) : bone
    2) : pit, stone (of a fruit)
    * * *
    1. (del cuerpo) bone
    2. (de aceituna, cereza) stone

    Spanish-English dictionary > hueso

  • 7 materia

    [ma'tɛrja]
    1. sf
    (gen) Filosofia, Fis matter, (Scol : argomento) subject matter, material, (disciplina) subject, (sostanza) Tecn, Comm material, substance

    prima di entrare in materia... — before discussing the matter in hand...

    un esperto in materia (di musica ecc) — an expert on the subject (of music ecc)

    2.

    Nuovo dizionario Italiano-Inglese > materia

  • 8 трудный вопрос

    2) Colloquial: floorer
    3) Mathematics: a challenging question
    4) Australian slang: hard nut to crack
    5) Diplomatic term: delicate subject, knotty problem

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > трудный вопрос

  • 9 сложный

    complicated, complex, compound, composite, involved
    • ... сложная область, достижение мастерства в которой занимает долгие годы. -... a difficult subject that takes many years to master.
    • Более сложный пример доставляется (из рассмотрения и т. п.)... - A more complex example is afforded by...
    • Бывают сложные ситуации, когда интуиция обманывается. - There are complex situations that baffle the intuition.
    • В более сложных системах необходимо... - In more complicated systems, it is necessary to...
    • В качестве несколько более сложного примера мы докажем, что... - As a slightly harder example we prove that...
    • Возможна также (и) более сложная ситуация. - A more complicated situation is also possible.
    • Мы не будем входить в рассмотрение этого сложного вопроса. -We shall not enter into this complicated question.
    • Наше задание становится более сложным в случае... - The task at hand is more complicated in the case of...
    • Не менее сложным является поведение... - Not less intricate is the behavior of...
    • Очевидно, что это более сложная проблема, чем проблема обычного нахождения (чего-л). - This is obviously a more complicated problem than the usual determination of...
    • Подобные методы могут использоваться в более сложных ситуациях. - Similar methods may be employed in more complicated cases.
    • Это действительно сложный вопрос. - This is indeed a deep question.
    • Это доказательство слишком сложное, чтобы приводить его здесь. - The proof is too complicated to give here.
    • Это сложная теория, она трудна для понимания. - This theory is difficult to comprehend in simple terms.

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > сложный

  • 10 affrontare

    face, confront
    spese meet
    * * *
    affrontare v.tr.
    1 to face; to brave, to confront: per voi affronterei la morte, I would face death for you; un uomo coraggioso affronta il pericolo senza paura, a bold man confronts danger without fear; affrontare il nemico, l'ira del padre..., to face the enemy, one's father's anger...; affrontare gli elementi, to brave the elements
    2 (fig.) to face up to (sthg.), to deal* with (s.o., sthg.), to tackle: è ora di affrontare la realtà, it's time to face up to reality; affrontare un argomento difficile, to deal with (o to tackle) a difficult subject; affrontare un problema, to tackle (o to discuss) a problem
    3 (tecn.) to face.
    ◘ affrontarsi v.rifl.rec. to meet* with hostility; ( venire alle mani) to come* to blows; to begin* to fight: gli eserciti si affrontarono all'alba, the armies met at dawn.
    * * *
    [affron'tare]
    1. vt
    (nemico, pericolo) to face, confront, (situazione) to face up to, (questione) to deal with, tackle, (Equitazione: ostacolo) to negotiate
    (uso reciproco: scontrarsi) to confront each other
    * * *
    [affron'tare] 1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) to face [avversario, sfida]; to face, to confront [morte, verità]; to cope with [spese, esigenze]; to deal* with, to handle, to tackle [ problema]; to handle, to cope with [emergenza, crisi]; to face up to [ responsabilità]; to brave [ tempesta]
    2) (prendere in esame) to approach, to deal* with, to tackle [argomento, questione]
    3) (accingersi a) to tackle [compito, lettura]
    2.
    verbo pronominale affrontarsi [ squadre] to meet*; [ eserciti] to clash
    * * *
    affrontare
    /affron'tare/ [1]
     1 to face [avversario, sfida]; to face, to confront [morte, verità]; to cope with [spese, esigenze]; to deal* with, to handle, to tackle [ problema]; to handle, to cope with [emergenza, crisi]; to face up to [ responsabilità]; to brave [ tempesta]
     2 (prendere in esame) to approach, to deal* with, to tackle [argomento, questione]
     3 (accingersi a) to tackle [compito, lettura]
     4 sport devono affrontare una squadra molto forte they're up against a very strong team
    II affrontarsi verbo pronominale
     [ squadre] to meet*; [ eserciti] to clash.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > affrontare

  • 11 छलः _chalḥ _लम् _lam

    छलः लम् [छल्-अच्]
    1 Fraud, trick, deceit, decep- tion; विद्महे शठ पलायनच्छलानि R.19.31; छलमत्र न गृह्यते Mk. 9.18; Y.1.61; Ms.8.49,187; Amaru.16; Śi.13.11.
    -2 Roguery, knavery.
    -3 A plea, pretext, guise, sem- blance (often used in this sense to denote an उत्प्रेक्षा); असुरक्षाहि बहुच्छलाः श्रियः Ki.2.39; परिखावलयच्छलेन या न परेषां ग्रहणस्य गोचरा N.2.95; प्रत्यर्प्य पूजामुपदाच्छलेन R.7.3; 6.54;16.28; Bk.1.1; Amaru.15; Māl.9.1.
    -4 In- tention.
    -5 Wickedness.
    -6 A family.
    -7 Design, device.
    -8 Fiction, circumvention.
    -9 Deceitful disputa- tion, perverting the sense of words; विधर्मः परधर्मश्च आभास उपमा छलः । अधर्मशाखाः पञ्चेमा धर्मज्ञो$धर्मवत् त्यजेत् Bhāg.7.15.12.
    -1 Difficult subject; ब्रह्म हि प्रचुरच्छलम् Mb.12.328.6.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > छलः _chalḥ _लम् _lam

  • 12 סבר

    סְבָר, סְבָרָאm. (preced.) 1) brightness of mind, ingenuity. Targ. Cant. 5:10. 2) speculation, logical argument. Meg.18b, a. e. (expl. מתנמנם, v. נִים) דקרו … ולא ידע לאהדורי ס׳ you call him, and he answers but cannot recall an argument. Y.Ber.III, 6c top כל סבר קשי דהוה לי תמן סבירתיה any hard thinking I had to do, there I did it. Ib. כל ההוא סברא קשיאוכ׳ all that difficult subject of Tbul Yom I studied there.Esp. logical deduction, conclusion by reasoning, opp. to גמרא verbal tradition. Yoma 33a bot. גמרא גמירנא ס׳ לא ידענא I know the final decision as a tradition, the argument I do not know. Gitt.6b בשלמא מילתא דתליא בס׳ לחייוכ׳ if it were a thing which depends on reason, you might be right, but this is a tradition. B. Bath.77a גמרא או ס׳ is this a tradition or a logical inference? Ab. Zar.34b איבעית אימא ס׳ ואב״א קרא I may say, it is founded on reason, or I may say, it is intimated in the Scriptures; a. v. fr. 3) common sense, ordinary conception, opp. עיקר. Y.Ber.IX, 13c bot.; Midr. Till. to Ps. 18:8 כך הוא ס׳ דמילתא, v. סֵבֶר 3.

    Jewish literature > סבר

  • 13 סברא

    סְבָר, סְבָרָאm. (preced.) 1) brightness of mind, ingenuity. Targ. Cant. 5:10. 2) speculation, logical argument. Meg.18b, a. e. (expl. מתנמנם, v. נִים) דקרו … ולא ידע לאהדורי ס׳ you call him, and he answers but cannot recall an argument. Y.Ber.III, 6c top כל סבר קשי דהוה לי תמן סבירתיה any hard thinking I had to do, there I did it. Ib. כל ההוא סברא קשיאוכ׳ all that difficult subject of Tbul Yom I studied there.Esp. logical deduction, conclusion by reasoning, opp. to גמרא verbal tradition. Yoma 33a bot. גמרא גמירנא ס׳ לא ידענא I know the final decision as a tradition, the argument I do not know. Gitt.6b בשלמא מילתא דתליא בס׳ לחייוכ׳ if it were a thing which depends on reason, you might be right, but this is a tradition. B. Bath.77a גמרא או ס׳ is this a tradition or a logical inference? Ab. Zar.34b איבעית אימא ס׳ ואב״א קרא I may say, it is founded on reason, or I may say, it is intimated in the Scriptures; a. v. fr. 3) common sense, ordinary conception, opp. עיקר. Y.Ber.IX, 13c bot.; Midr. Till. to Ps. 18:8 כך הוא ס׳ דמילתא, v. סֵבֶר 3.

    Jewish literature > סברא

  • 14 סְבָר

    סְבָר, סְבָרָאm. (preced.) 1) brightness of mind, ingenuity. Targ. Cant. 5:10. 2) speculation, logical argument. Meg.18b, a. e. (expl. מתנמנם, v. נִים) דקרו … ולא ידע לאהדורי ס׳ you call him, and he answers but cannot recall an argument. Y.Ber.III, 6c top כל סבר קשי דהוה לי תמן סבירתיה any hard thinking I had to do, there I did it. Ib. כל ההוא סברא קשיאוכ׳ all that difficult subject of Tbul Yom I studied there.Esp. logical deduction, conclusion by reasoning, opp. to גמרא verbal tradition. Yoma 33a bot. גמרא גמירנא ס׳ לא ידענא I know the final decision as a tradition, the argument I do not know. Gitt.6b בשלמא מילתא דתליא בס׳ לחייוכ׳ if it were a thing which depends on reason, you might be right, but this is a tradition. B. Bath.77a גמרא או ס׳ is this a tradition or a logical inference? Ab. Zar.34b איבעית אימא ס׳ ואב״א קרא I may say, it is founded on reason, or I may say, it is intimated in the Scriptures; a. v. fr. 3) common sense, ordinary conception, opp. עיקר. Y.Ber.IX, 13c bot.; Midr. Till. to Ps. 18:8 כך הוא ס׳ דמילתא, v. סֵבֶר 3.

    Jewish literature > סְבָר

  • 15 סְבָרָא

    סְבָר, סְבָרָאm. (preced.) 1) brightness of mind, ingenuity. Targ. Cant. 5:10. 2) speculation, logical argument. Meg.18b, a. e. (expl. מתנמנם, v. נִים) דקרו … ולא ידע לאהדורי ס׳ you call him, and he answers but cannot recall an argument. Y.Ber.III, 6c top כל סבר קשי דהוה לי תמן סבירתיה any hard thinking I had to do, there I did it. Ib. כל ההוא סברא קשיאוכ׳ all that difficult subject of Tbul Yom I studied there.Esp. logical deduction, conclusion by reasoning, opp. to גמרא verbal tradition. Yoma 33a bot. גמרא גמירנא ס׳ לא ידענא I know the final decision as a tradition, the argument I do not know. Gitt.6b בשלמא מילתא דתליא בס׳ לחייוכ׳ if it were a thing which depends on reason, you might be right, but this is a tradition. B. Bath.77a גמרא או ס׳ is this a tradition or a logical inference? Ab. Zar.34b איבעית אימא ס׳ ואב״א קרא I may say, it is founded on reason, or I may say, it is intimated in the Scriptures; a. v. fr. 3) common sense, ordinary conception, opp. עיקר. Y.Ber.IX, 13c bot.; Midr. Till. to Ps. 18:8 כך הוא ס׳ דמילתא, v. סֵבֶר 3.

    Jewish literature > סְבָרָא

  • 16 Eisler, Paul

    [br]
    b. 1907 Vienna, Austria
    [br]
    Austrian engineer responsible for the invention of the printed circuit.
    [br]
    At the age of 23, Eisler obtained a Diploma in Engineering from the Technical University of Vienna. Because of the growing Nazi influence in Austria, he then accepted a post with the His Master's Voice (HMV) agents in Belgrade, where he worked on the problems of radio reception and sound transmission in railway trains. However, he soon returned to Vienna to found a weekly radio journal and file patents on graphical sound recording (for which he received a doctorate) and on a system of stereoscopic television based on lenticular vertical scanning.
    In 1936 he moved to England and sold the TV patent to Marconi for £250. Unable to find a job, he carried out experiments in his rooms in a Hampstead boarding-house; after making circuits using strip wires mounted on bakelite sheet, he filed his first printed-circuit patent that year. He then tried to find ways of printing the circuits, but without success. Obtaining a post with Odeon Theatres, he invented a sound-level control for films and devised a mirror-drum continuous-film projector, but with the outbreak of war in 1939, when the company was evacuated, he chose to stay in London and was interned for a while. Released in 1941, he began work with Henderson and Spalding, a firm of lithographic printers, to whom he unwittingly assigned all future patents for the paltry sum of £1. In due course he perfected a means of printing conducting circuits and on 3 February 1943 he filed three patents covering the process. The British Ministry of Defence rejected the idea, considering it of no use for military equipment, but after he had demonstrated the technique to American visitors it was enthusiastically taken up in the US for making proximity fuses, of which many millions were produced and used for the war effort. Subsequently the US Government ruled that all air-borne electronic circuits should be printed.
    In the late 1940s the Instrument Department of Henderson and Spalding was split off as Technograph Printed Circuits Ltd, with Eisler as Technical Director. In 1949 he filed a further patent covering a multilayer system; this was licensed to Pye and the Telegraph Condenser Company. A further refinement, patented in the 1950s, the use of the technique for telephone exchange equipment, but this was subsequently widely infringed and although he negotiated licences in the USA he found it difficult to license his ideas in Europe. In the UK he obtained finance from the National Research and Development Corporation, but they interfered and refused money for further development, and he eventually resigned from Technograph. Faced with litigation in the USA and open infringement in the UK, he found it difficult to establish his claims, but their validity was finally agreed by the Court of Appeal (1969) and the House of Lords (1971).
    As a freelance inventor he filed many other printed-circuit patents, including foil heating films and batteries. When his Patent Agents proved unwilling to fund the cost of filing and prosecuting Complete Specifications he set up his own company, Eisler Consultants Ltd, to promote food and space heating, including the use of heated cans and wallpaper! As Foil Heating Ltd he went into the production of heating films, the process subsequently being licensed to Thermal Technology Inc. in California.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1953, "Printed circuits: some general principles and applications of the foil technique", Journal of the British Institution of Radio Engineers 13: 523.
    1959, The Technology of Printed Circuits: The Foil Technique in Electronic Production.
    1984–5, "Reflections of my life as an inventor", Circuit World 11:1–3 (a personal account of the development of the printed circuit).
    1989, My Life with the Printed Circuit, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: Lehigh University Press.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Eisler, Paul

  • 17 Weldon, Walter

    SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology
    [br]
    b. 31 October 1832 Loughborough, England
    d. 20 September 1885 Burstow, Surrey, England
    [br]
    English industrial chemist.
    [br]
    It was intended that Weldon should enter his father's factory in Loughborough, but he decided instead to turn to journalism, which he pursued with varying success in London. His Weldon's Register of Facts and Occurrences in Literature, Science, and Art ran for only four years, from 1860 to 1864, but the fashion magazine Weldon's Journal, which he published with his wife, was more successful. Meanwhile Weldon formed an interest in chemistry, although he had no formal training in that subject. He devoted himself to solving one of the great problems of industrial chemistry at that time. The Leblanc process for the manufacture of soda produced large quantities of hydrochloric acid in gas form. By this time, this by-product was being converted, by oxidation with manganese dioxide, to chlorine, which was much used in the textile and paper industries as a bleaching agent. The manganese ended up as manganese chloride, from which it was difficult to convert back to the oxide, for reuse in treating the hydrochloric acid, and it was an expensive substance. Weldon visited the St Helens district of Lancashire, an important centre for the manufacture of soda, to work on the problem. During the three years from 1866 to 1869, he took out six patents for the regeneration of manganese dioxide by treating the manganese chloride with milk of lime and blowing air through it. The Weldon process was quickly adopted and had a notable economic effect: the price of bleaching powder came down by £6 per ton and production went up fourfold.
    By the time of his death, nearly all chlorine works in the world used Weldon's process. The distinguished French chemist J.B.A.Dumas said of the process, when presenting Weldon with a gold medal, "every sheet of paper and every yard of calico has been cheapened throughout the world". Weldon played an active part in the founding of the Society of Chemical Industry.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1882. President, Society of Chemical Industry 1883–4.
    Further Reading
    T.C.Barker and J.R.Harris, 1954, A Merseyside Town in the Industrial Revolution: St Helens, 1750–1900, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press; reprinted with corrections, 1959, London: Cass.
    S.Miall, 1931, A History of the British Chemical Industry.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Weldon, Walter

  • 18 Anschütz, Ottomar

    [br]
    b. 1846 Lissa, Prussia (now Leszno, Poland) d. 1907
    [br]
    German photographer, chronophotographer ana inventor.
    [br]
    The son of a commercial photographer, Anschütz entered the business in 1868 and developed an interest in the process of instantaneous photography. The process was very difficult with the contemporary wet-plate process, but with the introduction of the much faster dry plates in the late 1870s he was able to make progress. Anschütz designed a focal plane shutter capable of operating at speeds up to 1/1000 of a second in 1883, and patented his design in 1888. it involved a vertically moving fabric roller-blind that worked at a fixed tension but had a slit the width of which could be adjusted to alter the exposure time. This design was adopted by C.P.Goerz, who from 1890 manufactures a number of cameras that incorporated it.
    Anschütz's action pictures of flying birds and animals attracted the attention of the Prussian authorities, and in 1886 the Chamber of Deputies authorized financial support for him to continue his work, which had started at the Hanover Military Institute in October 1885. Inspired by the work of Eadweard Muybridge in America, Anschütz had set up rows of cameras whose focal-plane shutters were released in sequence by electromagnets, taking twenty-four pictures in about three-quarters of a second. He made a large number of studies of the actions of people, animals and birds, and at the Krupp artillery range at Meppen, near Essen, he recorded shells in flight. His pictures were reproduced, and favourably commented upon, in scientific and photographic journals.
    To bring the pictures to the public, in 1887 he created the Electro-Tachyscope. The sequence negatives were printed as 90 x 120 mm transparencies and fixed around the circumference of a large steel disc. This was rotated in front of a spirally wound Geissler tube, which produced a momentary brilliant flash of light when a high voltage from an induction coil was applied to it, triggered by contacts on the steel disc. The flash duration, about 1/1000 of a second, was so short that it "froze" each picture as it passed the tube. The pictures succeeded each other at intervals of about 1/30 of a second, and the observer saw an apparently continuously lit moving picture. The Electro-Tachyscope was shown publicly in Berlin at the Kulturministerium from 19 to 21 March 1887; subsequently Siemens \& Halske manufactured 100 machines, which were shown throughout Europe and America in the early 1890s. From 1891 his pictures were available for the home in the form of the Tachyscope viewer, which used the principle of the zoetrope: sequence photographs were printed on long strips of thin card, perforated with narrow slots between the pictures. Placed around the circumference of a shallow cylinder and rotated, the pictures could be seen in life-like movement when viewed through the slots.
    In November 1894 Anschütz displayed a projector using two picture discs with twelve images each, which through a form of Maltese cross movement were rotated intermittently and alternately while a rotating shutter allowed each picture to blend with the next so that no flicker occurred. The first public shows, given in Berlin, were on a screen 6×8 m (20×26 ft) in size. From 22 February 1895 they were shown regularly to audiences of 300 in a building on the Leipzigstrasse; they were the first projected motion pictures seen in Germany.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.Deslandes, 1966, Histoire comparée du cinéma, Vol. I, Paris. B.Coe, 1992, Muybridge and the Chronophotographers, London.
    BC

    Biographical history of technology > Anschütz, Ottomar

  • 19 Bailey, Sir Donald Coleman

    SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering
    [br]
    b. 15 September 1901 Rotherham, Yorkshire, England
    d. 5 May 1985 Bournemouth, Dorset, England
    [br]
    English engineer, designer of the Bailey bridge.
    [br]
    Bailey was educated at the Leys School, Cambridge, before going to Sheffield University where he studied for a degree in engineering. He joined the Civil Service in 1928 and was posted to the staff of the Experimental Bridging Establishment of the Ministry of Supply at Christchurch, Hampshire. There he continued his boyhood hobby of making model bridges of wood and string. He evolved a design for a prefabricated metal bridge assembled from welded panels linked by pinned joints; this became known as the Bailey bridge. Its design was accepted by the War Office in 1941 and from then on it was used throughout the subsequent conflict of the Second World War. It was a great improvement on its predecessor, the Inglis bridge, designed by a Cambridge University professor of engineering, Charles Inglis, with tubular members that were 10 or 12 ft (3.66 m) long; this bridge was notoriously difficult to construct, particularly in adverse weather conditions, whereas the Bailey bridge's panels and joints were far more manageable and easy to assemble. The simple and standardized component parts of the Bailey bridge made it highly adaptable: it could be strengthened by increasing the number of truss girders, and wide rivers could be crossed by a series of Bailey bridges connected by pontoons. Field Marshal Montgomery is recorded as saying that without the Bailey bridge we should not have won the war'.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1946.
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1985, The Guardian 6 May.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Bailey, Sir Donald Coleman

  • 20 Barlow, Edward

    SUBJECT AREA: Horology
    [br]
    baptized 15 December 1636 near Warrington, Cheshire, England d. 1716
    [br]
    English priest and mechanician who invented rack striking, repeating mechanisms for clocks and watches and, with others, patented a horizontal escapement for watches.
    [br]
    Barlow was the son of Edward Booth, but he adopted the surname of his godfather, the Benedictine monk Ambrose Barlow, as a condition of his will. In 1659 he entered the English College at Lisbon, and after being ordained a priest he was sent to the English mission. There he resided at Parkhall in Lancashire, the seat of Mr Houghton, with whom he later collaborated on the horizontal escapement.
    At a time when it was difficult to produce a light to examine the dial of a clock or watch at night, a mechanism that would indicate the hours and subdivisions of the hour audibly and at will was highly desirable. The count wheel, which had been used from the earliest times to control the striking of a clock, was unsuitable for this purpose as it struck the hours in sequence. If the mechanism was set off manually to determine the time, the strike would no longer correspond with the indications on the dial. In 1675 Barlow invented rack striking, where the hour struck was determined solely by the position of the hour hand. With this mechanism it was therefore possible to repeat the hour at will, without upsetting the sequence of striking. In 1687 Barlow tried to patent a method of repeating for watches, but it was rejected by James II in favour of a system produced by the watchmaker Daniel Quare and which was simpler to operate. He was successful in obtaining a patent for a horizontal escapement for watches in 1695, in collaboration with William Hough ton and Thomas Tompion. Although this escapement was little used, it can be regarded as the forerunner of the cylinder escapement that George Graham introduced c. 1725.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1695 (with William Houghton and Thomas Tompion), British patent no. 344 (a horizontal escapement).
    Further Reading
    Dictionary of National Biography, 1885, Vol. 1, Oxford, S.V.Barlow.
    Britten's Old Clocks \& Watches and Their Makers, 1982, rev. Cecil Clutton, 9th edn, London, pp. 148, 310, 313 (provides a technical description of rack striking, repeating work and the horizontal escapement).
    DV

    Biographical history of technology > Barlow, Edward

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